In an October 2020 campaign speech in Georgia, just days before the election that sent him to the White House, candidate Joe Biden used a quote from Pope Francis.

The quote came from a letter the pope had sent to Roman Catholic bishops, in which he urged world leaders to “ask ourselves, ‘Why I am doing this? What is my real aim?’”

On social media, former President Donald Trump’s campaign seized on the moment to turn it against Biden and cast him as confused and senile — a narrative Trump and his allies had been pushing for months. With a tweet clipping Biden’s speech down to just 7 seconds of video, the campaign made it look like Biden was speaking for himself, rather than quoting the letter.

“Joe Biden: ‘Why am I doing this? Why? What is my real aim?” the Trump War Room account said in the Oct. 27 tweet. PolitiFact rated the tweet False.

A misleading Trump campaign tweet clipped Biden’s comments quoting Pope Francis short to portray him as confused in October 2020. (PolitiFact)

Such strategic video cuts were a favorite tactic of Trump’s campaign and supporters. Another time, the campaign shared a chopped-down clip that appeared to show Biden saying he was running for Senate; in context, he was actually talking about running for office as a Democrat throughout his career, including as a U.S. senator.

The deceptive video editing turned out to be just a preview of what was to come as Biden took over the White House. The attacks continued during the transition and throughout Biden’s first year.

Social media users, conservative influencers and outlets, and groups like the Republican National Committee have repeatedly targeted the 79-year-old president by spreading truncated, out-of-context clips that distorted the meaning of his words.

“These clips draw on a common trope about President Biden that’s popular among his detractors: He’s old, bumbling and senile, meaning he’s incompetent and incapable of doing this job,” said Rebekah Tromble, the director of the Institute for Data, Democracy, and Politics at George Washington University.

Opponents of Biden have shared videos that take his words out of context. (PolitiFact)

The tactic is what experts who study misinformation and media manipulation call a “cheap fake,” said Claire Wardle, co-founder and executive director of First Draft, a nonprofit organization that works to protect against harmful disinformation and misinformation.

“It’s the weaponization of context,” Wardle said. “It’s genuine content, but the context changes via minor edits. Anyone can be vulnerable with the right edit.”

Anyone can be vulnerable to falling for those edits, too. Experts cautioned that Americans surfing social media or watching cable news should be wary of clips that are cut really short, presented with no clear context, and aimed at triggering an emotional reaction.

An affordable form of misinformation

Combining false information with kernels of truth has been a powerful form of propaganda for decades, said Inga Kristina Trauthig, the research manager and a senior research fellow at the University of Texas at Austin’s Center for Media Engagement.

And it has only expanded in the digital age.

But unlike more sophisticated “deep fakes” that use complex technology to swap someone’s face, clone their voice or synchronize their lips to a different audio track, the cheap fakes are easy to produce. Amateurs with basic software can make edits that slow a video down, speed it up, cut it into snippets, insert or remove details, or present it in a false context.

“It’s essentially free,” Wardle told PolitiFact. “And if someone says ‘that’s fake,’ they can say, ‘No, this is from an actual event.’”

One such trend in recent years saw social media users slow down footage of House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., to leave the false impression that she was drunkenly slurring her words.

Biden detractors use tactic to reinforce narratives

As Trump’s team criticized Biden during the campaign as too old, bumbling and out of touch — a man who wouldn’t leave his basement, had grown senile, and didn’t know what he was talking about — Biden became a main target of deceptive edits that sought to reinforce that narrative.

Those efforts continued even after the campaign ended. Days before Biden was sworn in, Donald Trump Jr. shared an altered video on Twitter that purported to show Biden looking confused about where to go after an event ended. The video received millions of views, but it showed only 19 seconds of footage from the event, and it zoomed in on Biden. The result: Viewers did not see that Biden was actually waiting for others to leave the stage before him.

Many other videos have been similarly edited, shortened to present his words out of context:

• Right-wing influencers including Steven Crowder shared an abbreviated, out-of-context clip they claimed showed Biden saying the N-word. In context, Biden was stumbling over his words as he said he was “eager to hear” from other world leaders at a conference.
• Newsmax host Grant Stinchfield aired a shortened clip that appeared to show Biden saying the U.S. is “doomed” because of African Americans. In context, Biden was saying that “if we cannot make significant progress on racial equity, this country is doomed.”
• A TikTok video supposedly showed Biden telling people that getting vaccinated would protect them against hurricanes. In context, Biden was saying that people living in hurricane-prone states should get vaccinated so that they wouldn’t have to worry about contracting COVID-19 if they had to evacuate and stay in a shelter with other people.
• A conservative super PAC and other right-leaning websites shared an 8-second video to suggest that Biden accidentally read the words “end of quote” off of his teleprompter. In context, Biden was quoting a statement from Walmart’s CEO celebrating partnerships between private corporations and the government. Biden started with, “And I quote.”
• A video shared by conservative websites like Townhall cut Biden off mid-sentence to make it look like he said high gas prices were a matter of Americans “paying their fair share.” In context, Biden was talking about lowering prices. The shortened video cut out what he said next — that “paying their fair share” meant “not being gouged for gas.”
• An ad from Trump’s Save America PAC blasted Biden’s coronavirus response by airing a clip of him saying, “Look, there’s no federal solution.” In context, Biden was talking about working together with the states. He was responding over a conference call to Arkansas’ Republican Gov. Asa Hutchinson, who encouraged Biden during a discussion about COVID-19 rapid tests to “make sure that we do not let federal solutions stand in the way of state solutions.”
• The RNC tweeted a video that cut off Biden mid-sentence to give the impression that he said taking questions from reporters is “inappropriate.” In context, Biden was saying he did not want to field questions about his pick to replace retiring Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer after an event honoring Breyer, because Breyer was in the room and is “still sitting on the bench.” Biden said he would take questions later that day and week.

“It is hard to objectively assess if a person, especially someone as high profile as the president, is aloof or not,” Trauthig said of the misleading clips. “It is easy, however, to manipulate media content which delivers a clear picture in one direction.”

The White House declined to comment for this story.

It’s not just Biden who has been targeted during this period. Other members of the Biden White House have had the meaning of their words distorted in videos that went viral. They include Dr. Anthony Fauci, the chief medical adviser, and Jen Psaki, the press secretary.

But the videos that take Biden out of context are especially effective, Tromble said, because they build on Biden’s reputation, dating back to his days as a senator, for being gaffe-prone.

Biden made a number of verbal blunders on the campaign trail. That has continued since, such as when he stumbled in his description of Satchel Paige as a great baseball pitcher in the Negro leagues, prompting critics to say he called Paige a “negro.”

Biden grew up stuttering. That his stutter remains unknown to many Americans “makes it easy for his opponents to create fake but convincing clips of President Biden,” Tromble said.

The clips also resonate with the perception among some voters that Washington politicians are detached, and they also fit in with the image some Trump voters have carved out for Biden as the weak, fragile counterpart to Trump’s combativeness, experts said.

Experts who study misinformation recommend that when people come across clips of public figures from either political party that have been trimmed — and especially when the clips going viral are only a few seconds long — they should consider the source of the information and look for the full context. Biden’s remarks are typically televised and transcribed on the White House’s website.

“I always caution people to pause for a second whenever they encounter media that evokes strong emotional reactions,” Tromble added. “We need to take a breath and ask ourselves, ‘Is there a reason this makes me feel so upset? Is this designed to rile me up?’”

This article was originally published by PolitiFact, which is part of the Poynter Institute. It is republished here with permission. See the sources for these fact checks here and more of their fact checks here.